Can international students do sports betting

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The Debate Surrounding International Students and Sports Betting

In recent years, the topic of international students engaging in sports betting has sparked significant debate within the academic and sports communities. As regulations vary across different countries, students studying abroad often find themselves questioning whether they should participate in sports betting activities.

Legality and Restrictions: The main concern for international students is understanding the laws and regulations governing sports betting in their host country. While some nations have strict laws prohibiting gambling activities, others have more lenient regulations in place.

Ethical Considerations: In addition to legal aspects, many argue that engaging in sports betting raises ethical concerns, especially concerning fairness in sports. Some believe that mixing education with gambling may send conflicting messages to students about responsible behavior.

Social Implications: Another factor to consider is the social impact of sports betting on international students. It can lead to potential addiction, financial struggles, and even academic misconduct if not approached with caution.

Support and Awareness: Universities and relevant organizations play a crucial role in providing support and raising awareness about the risks associated with sports betting. Offering counseling services and educational programs can help students make informed decisions.

In conclusion, the question of whether international students should engage in sports betting is multifaceted, involving legal, ethical, and social dimensions. While some may argue for personal freedom and responsibility, others emphasize the need for guidance and support to prevent negative consequences. As the debate continues, it remains essential for students to weigh the pros and cons carefully before participating in sports betting activities.

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The current study used the PLS algorithm, followed by the PLS bootstrapping algorithm basic-corrected and accelerated bootstrap with 2, subsamples to assess factor loadings, path coefficients, and significant levels [ 35 , 37 ]. Instead of specifying model fit indices when obtaining structural model solutions, PLS-SEM mainly depends on a different set of indices, such as collinearity VIF , construct reliability e.

Table 1 represents the means, standard deviations, and bivariate correlations of the study variables in this study. Firstly, the measurement model was assessed in terms of internal consistency reliability i. CR values ranged from 0. Factor loadings ranged from 0. Lastly, all HTMT values were lower than the threshold value of 0. Before testing the study hypotheses, the variance inflation factor VIF values were examined to check the multicollinearity of the structural model.

The VIF values ranged from 1. The structural model assessment suggested that the model had a substantial explanatory capacity in explaining outcome variables, as it explained In addition, mediation analysis was also performed to estimate the indirect effects of distal TPB determinants on problem betting behavior. As reported in Table 2 , the significant indirect effects of TPB determinants on problem betting indicated the existence of mediation.

The results showed that three out of four specific indirect paths were significant refer to Table 2. Respondents were grouped based on their individual impulsive tendency scores four items and previous general and sports betting experiences four items using k-means cluster analyses. The results are reported in Table 3. Please refer to Table 3 for more information.

Overall, the results indicated that college students with higher impulsive betting tendencies and relatively more sports betting experiences have a higher level of favorable attitudes towards sports betting, normative beliefs, and motivation to comply with others concerning sports betting, intentions to bet, and potential betting-related problems.

One thing to be noted is that relative to other variables, the level of PBC was comparatively similar regardless of group memberships. To investigate the moderating effects of impulsive sports betting tendency in the research model, the multi-group analysis approach was employed based on their individual impulsive tendency scores i.

To examine the moderating effects of previous sports betting experiences i. Sport is a critical element in our culture, and in some countries such as the U. However, sports bettors, especially young adult males, are subject to a greater risk of problem betting [ 44 , 45 ]. Can international students do sports betting Thus, understanding what influences problem sports betting among young adults is necessary to develop a healthier sports betting culture.

The current study utilized the TPB framework to investigate the antecedents, mediators, and moderators for problem sports betting behavior among college students. In addition, the current study suggests that impulsive betting tendencies and previous experiences of sports betting could be meaningful moderators in understanding the degree to which TPB determinants predict sports betting behavior.

The findings provided support for the utility of the TPB and extended variables in the context of sports betting among college students. See Fig. The intention toward sports betting increases as the strength of their positive attitude and normative beliefs toward betting and motivation to comply with others increases. However, unlike our expectations, PBC was not directly related to sports betting intentions.

Therefore, understanding the determinants of sports betting intention and problem betting would be one of the critical tasks in developing a culture of and strategy for responsible betting [ 14 , 22 , 23 , 45 ]. Consistent with the literature [ 8 , 45 , 46 ], the results suggest that attitude toward sports betting is a key determinant of betting intentions.

In general, people hold negative attitudes toward betting, given the potentially harmful consequences [ 44 ]. However, due to the positive image and embeddedness of sports in our society, people tend to form a more favorable attitude toward sports betting [ 46 ]. Younger adults tend to have a relatively more positive attitude toward sports betting e.

For example, Seal et al. Consequently, health promotion and regulatory agencies should develop better educational campaigns to improve knowledge about the harmful consequences of the problem and pathological sports betting. Relative to older counterparts, college students are likely to be more influenced by their peer groups. Gordon et al. As young male adults are likely to have stronger and more diverse LCCs given their active lifestyle, they are more likely to be greatly influenced by their LCC in their continued participation in sports betting.

Also, they tend to overestimate how much others bet, and they approve of betting-related activities. Seal et al. Sports bettors believe that their family members and friends are supportive of their sports betting behaviors. Especially, sports bettors are surrounded by groups of friends who bet on sports and discuss sports betting regularly [ 12 , 23 , 47 ].

Strong social support i. Thus, parents and people important to college students should play a critical role as protective agents for young adults with potential betting and gambling issues. College students with a lower PBC on resisting sports betting are more likely to have a higher intention to bet on sports and engage in problem betting behaviors [ 12 ].

This study could not find a significant influence of PBC on intention, but as hypothesized, PBC was negatively related to problem betting among college students. Overestimating the chances of winning is one of the most critical predictors of problem betting. Accordingly, interventional efforts should be directed for bettors not to overestimate their chances of winning [ 51 ] and how to control their betting behavior.

Intoxicated betting e. Thus, educational and health promotion agencies should educate college students to empower their perceived control over sports betting and educate them on the harmful consequences of intoxicated betting. The intention-PSB relationship was stronger with the low impulsivity group and the high experience group.

While the intention to bet is the most critical predictor of sports betting and potential program betting, other potential determinants, and moderators, such as habitual conduct, personality variables e. Young adults have a tendency to chase their losses and bet more than they can afford, especially when they bet online [ 53 ]. More recently, young adults bet online and bet on e-sports, as e-sports betting services have proliferated in recent years [ 53 ].

As online betting, relative to traditional in-person wagering, is significantly more associated with impulsive betting and problem betting, future studies should examine the influence of sports betting categories i. The theoretical framework of the current study was TPB, given its utility and applicability in understanding betting-related behavior.

Several limitations to this study should be noted for future studies. Firstly, the current study utilized a cross-sectional research design with a convenience sampling method. Also, each state in the U. Therefore, the results of the current study might not be generalizable to other college populations in other countries. Secondly, while all the measures used in this study were reliable and valid, one of the measures used in this study showed a less-than-desirable reliability value i.

Future studies should consider using more reliable scales from the literature. While there are several limitations, overall, the proposed model in this study could be used as a solid basis for future studies in sports betting, given that the current study used the TPB as a conceptual framework while incorporating non-volitional variables e. Consequently, this study can contribute to developing better educational and interventional programs for sports betting and problem betting with a better understanding of college bettors.

The datasets generated and analyzed in this study are not publicly available due to confidentiality and privacy-related issues but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Game on: past year gambling, gambling-related problems, and fantasy sports gambling among college athletes and non-athletes. J Gambl Stud. PubMed Google Scholar. Using the theory of planned behavior to predict gambling behavior.

Psychol Addict Behave. Google Scholar. Injunctive norms and problem gambling among college students. Lee HS. What is buy points in sports betting The NBA is. Accessed 11 Nov, On the spur of the moment: intrinsic predictors of impulse sports betting. Gambling main shirt. Gambling Commission. Gambling participation in Behaviour, awareness and attitudes. Birmingham, UK: Gambling Commission; Gambling and problem gambling across the lifespan.

As sports betting grows. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. The theory of planned behaviour: reactions and reflections. Psych Health. Internet gambling in problem gambling college students. Problem gambling of Chinese college students: application of the theory of planned behavior. Supreme Court lets. Non-Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity.

Occupational Health and Safety. Other Employment. Parental Leave. Pay During Special Circumstances. Pet Policy. Political Activity. Can international students do sports betting Reduced Hours and Voluntary Time Off. References for Former Employees. Relocation and Moving Expense Policy. Retirement Health Insurance.

Short Term Disability. Sick Leave. Smoking Policy. Staff Tuition Policy. Support for Lactation Policy. Remote Work Policy. Transfer, Promotion and Classification. Use of College-owned Equipment and Work Areas. Volunteer Policy. Work Schedules. Approved Workers Compensation Providers.

New Employee Resources. Performance Management. Employee Recognition. Verification of Employment Process. Employee Bias Incident Response. Fellows Program. Find a Job. Required Paperwork. As of November , sports betting is legal in some form in 38 states and Washington, D. Further, 26 states allow sports betting online.

Bills have been introduced — and some recently passed — in more states. These states include Vermont , Missouri and North Carolina. Thanks to technology, sports betting is now accessible beyond casinos. Anyone can access it online and on their smartphone. Revenue in all U. Sports betting is also becoming more accessible on college campuses.

These profits have driven increased advertising. This includes social media platforms like TikTok, where young adults are more likely to see ads for gambling. While advertisers reportedly focus on young adults of legal age, research suggests that children under 18 are also being exposed to advertising related to gambling.

The intensity of advertising activity on social media has raised concerns and brought scrutiny. Gambling addiction affects people from all backgrounds and across all ages, but it is an even bigger threat to college students. Adolescents of college age are uniquely likely to engage in impulsive or risky behaviors because of a variety of developmental factors , leaving them more susceptible to take bigger risks and experience adverse consequences.